Dual-Rotor Electromagnetic-Based Energy

  Harvesting System for SmartHomeApplications

智能家居应用的双转子电磁能量收集系统

8.本研究的关键创新点(优点不见得的是创新点)

1.Dual-Rotor Rotational Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting Technology: Introduces a unique dual-rotor rotational electromagnetic energy harvesting generator. This generator design allows for the collection of electromagnetic energy from two directions, enhancing the efficiency and flexibility of energy harvesting. This is achieved by pushing or pulling an axis, enabling the capture of electromagnetic energy from both directions.

1.双转子旋转电磁能量收集技术：介绍了一种独特的双转子旋转电磁能量收集发电机，这种发电机设计允许从两个方向上收集环境中的电磁能量，提高了能量收集的效率和灵活性。这是通过推或拉一个轴来实现的，从而可以从两个方向上捕获电磁能。

2.Multi-layer Coil Design: In this paper, we employed multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) technology to accomplish the miniaturization of the electromagnetic system. By utilizing multi-layer coils, the efficiency and energy conversion capability of the coils have been enhanced.

2.多层线圈设计：本文采用多层印刷电路板(PCB)技术，实现了小型化的电磁系统。通过使用多层线圈，提高了线圈的效率和能量转换能力。

3.Power Management System: A power management system has been introduced, which enhances the efficiency of power utilization by raising the alternating current (AC) voltage and converting it into useful direct current (DC) voltage using the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) concept. This power management system provides a stable and efficient power supply solution for smart home applications.

3.电源管理系统：提出了一种电源管理系统，该系统通过提高交流电压并利用最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）概念将其转换为有用的直流电压，从而提高了电源利用效率。这种电源管理系统为智能家居应用提供了一个稳定、高效的电力供应解决方案。

4.Comprehensive Solution for Smart Home Applications: The paper combines the dual-rotor rotational electromagnetic energy harvesting generator and the power management system to provide a comprehensive solution for smart home applications. This energy harvesting system can be used to power on and off windows for energy harvesting, ensuring a stable power supply for smart home devices.

4.智能家居应用的全面解决方案：论文将双转子旋转电磁能量收集发电机和电源管理系统结合，为智能家居应用提供了一个全面的解决方案。这种能源采集系统可以用来获取能量的打开和关闭窗口，为智能家居设备提供稳定的电力供应。

9.本研究的相关专业术语解释

1.Electromagnetism is a branch of physics that studies the laws and applications of electromagnetic phenomena, originating in the 18th century. In a broad sense, electromagnetism encompasses both electricity and magnetism, but in a narrower sense, it is a discipline that explores the interactions between electrical and magnetic properties. It primarily investigates electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic fields, and the dynamics of charged particles and charged objects.

1.电磁学（electromagnetism）：是研究电磁现象的规律和应用的物理学分支学科，起源于18世纪。广义的电磁学可以说是包含电学和磁学，但狭义来说是一门探讨电性与磁性交互关系的学科。主要研究电磁波、电磁场以及有关电荷、带电物体的动力学等等。

2.Energy Harvesting (EH): Energy harvesting refers to the conversion of weak or ambient energy sources into electrical power for use by backend sensors. Usable sources of energy typically include weak light energy, minimal kinetic energy, thermal energy, and so on.

2.能量收集（EH）：是指将微弱的能量转化为电能，供给后端传感器使用。通常可利用的能量有微弱光能、微弱动能、热能等。

3.Generators: Generators are mechanical devices that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. They are driven by devices such as water turbines, steam turbines, diesel engines, or other power mechanisms. These generators transform energy generated from sources like water flow, air flow, fuel combustion, or nuclear fission into mechanical energy, which is then further converted into electrical energy by the generator.

3.发电机（Generators）：是指将机械能转换成电能的机械设备，它由水轮机、汽轮机、柴油机或其他动力机械驱动，将水流，气流，燃料燃烧或原子核裂变产生的能量转化为机械能传给发电机，再由发电机转换为电能。

4.Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT): In photovoltaic power systems, the process of using control methods to dynamically adjust the operating point of the photovoltaic array in real-time to keep it near the maximum power point, thereby enhancing the overall system efficiency. Tracking and controlling the maximum power point of solar panels improve their conversion efficiency, allowing for the full utilization of the energy converted by the photovoltaic array. This is a crucial area of research in solar photovoltaic power systems.

4.最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）：在光伏发电系统中，利用控制方法实时调整光伏阵列的工作点，使之始终工作在最大功率点附近，以提高系统整体效率的过程。跟踪、控制太阳能电池的最大功率点，提高电池转换效率，充分利用光伏阵列转换的能量，是太阳能光伏发电系统研究的重要方向。

5.Power Management System (PMS): Power management system is an essential technology in electronic systems. Due to the adoption of advanced power management techniques, products like mobile phones and PDAs have gained widespread use. Without the implementation of comprehensive power management technology, the talk time of a mobile phone, for example, may not exceed 2 minutes.

5.电源管理系统(PMS)：是电子系统中必不可少的技术。由于采用了先进的电源管理技术，移动电话、PDA等产品得到了广泛的应用。如果不采用完善的电源管理技术，移动电话的通话时间可能不超过2 min。

6.Smart Home: A smart home is an efficient, comfortable, safe, convenient, and environmentally friendly living environment built on a residential platform that combines architecture, network communication, information appliances, and device automation. It integrates systems, structures, services, and management to create a holistic residential space.

6.智能家居（smart home）：以住宅为平台,兼备建筑、网络通信、信息家电、设备自动化,集系统、结构、服务、管理为一体的高效、舒适、安全、便利、环保的居住环境。

7.Impedance Matching: This refers to aligning the output impedance of the energy collector with the input impedance of the power management system to enhance the efficiency of energy conversion.

阻抗匹配：指将能量收集器的输出阻抗与电源管理系统的输入阻抗进行匹配，以提高能量转换的效率。

8.Induced Voltage: Refers to the voltage generated by the rotation of the rotor, which is used to drive circuits and power devices.

感应电压：指由转子旋转产生的感应电压，用于驱动电路和供电设备。

9.Inductance: Refers to the inductance value of the coil, used for storing and transmitting energy.

9.电感：指线圈的电感值，用于储存和传输能量。

10.Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): It refers to the process of controlling the output voltage and current of a converter by adjusting the pulse width.

10.脉宽调制(PWM)：指通过调节脉冲宽度来控制转换器的输出电压和电流。

11.Bias Power Supply: It refers to the power source used to initiate and sustain the operation of a converter.

11.偏置电源：指用于启动和维持转换器运行的电源。

12.Permanent Magnet: Refers to a magnet with a constant magnetic field used to generate induced voltage when the rotor rotates.

12.永磁体：指具有恒定磁场的磁体，用于在转子旋转时产生感应电压。

13.Electromagnetic energy collector（EMEH）: refer to devices that convert vibration energy, magnetic field energy, and other forms of energy that are ubiquitous in the environment into electrical energy, providing continuous power for microdevices.

13.电磁能量采集器（EMEH）:指将环境中普遍存在的振动能、磁场能等其他形式的能量转化为电能，为微器件持续供电的装置。

14.Wireless sensor network（WSNs）：refers to a multi-hop self-organized network system formed by a large number of sensor nodes with information sensing capabilities through wireless communication.

14.无线传感器网络（WSNs）:指大量的具有信息感知功能的传感器节点，通过无线通信方式形成的一个多跳自组织网络系统。

15.Internet of Things（loT）：It refers to the real-time collection of any object or process that needs monitoring, connection, and interaction through various information sensors, radio frequency identification technology, global positioning system, infrared sensors, laser scanners, and other devices and technologies, collecting various required information such as sound, light, heat, electricity, mechanics, chemistry, biology, and location, and achieving ubiquitous connection between objects and people through various possible network access, realizing intelligent perception, identification, and management of objects and processes.

15.物联网（loT）：指通过各种信息传感器、射频识别技术、全球定位系统、红外感应器、激光扫描器等各种装置与技术，实时采集任何需要监控、连接、互动的物体或过程，采集其声、光、热、电、力学、化学、生物、位置等各种需要的信息，通过各类可能的网络接入，实现物与物、物与人的泛在连接，实现对物品和过程的智能化感知、识别和管理。

16.Communication Technology (ICTS)：It is the infrastructure and components for realizing modern computing.

16.通信技术（ICTS）：是实现现代计算的基础设施和组件。

17.Energy density (BH)：Refers to the amount of energy stored in a unit of space or mass of matter.

17.能量密度（BH）：指在单位一定的空间或质量物质中储存能量的大小。

18.Printed circuit board（PCB）：It is the support of electronic components and the carrier of electrical connection of electronic components.

18.印刷电路板（PCB）：是电子元器件的支撑和电子元器件电气连接的载体。

19.Finite element method (FEM)：It is a common numerical method for solving differential equations.

19.有限元法（FEM）：是一种求解微分方程的常用数值方法。

20.Discontinuous conduction mode（DCM）：The operating frequency of the chopper switch varies with the magnitude of the chopped voltage (with equal “on” and “off” time in each switching cycle).

20.不连续导通模式（DCM）：指斩波开关管的工作频率随被斩波电压的大小变化（每一个开关周期内“开”“关”时间相等）。

10.现有技术中与本研究，最接近的技术方案

In the existing technology, the closest solution to this research may be a device based on magnetic power generation. This type of device typically consists of a stationary electromagnet and a magnet that can rotate. When the rotating magnet passes by the stationary electromagnet, it induces an electric current within the electromagnet. This process is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Its operating principle is based on Faraday’s electromagnetic induction law, which states that when a magnet moves within the magnetic field of another electromagnet, it generates an electromotive force (i.e., electrical current) within the electromagnet. This device is commonly referred to as a “magnetic generator” or an “induction generator.”

在现有技术中，与本研究最接近的技术方案可能是一种基于磁力发电的装置。这种装置通常包括一个固定的电磁铁和一个可以旋转的磁铁。当旋转的磁铁经过固定的电磁铁时，它会在电磁铁中产生电流。这个过程被用来将机械能转换为电能。它的工作原理是当一个磁铁在另一个电磁铁的磁场中移动时，根据法拉第的电磁感应定律，会在电磁铁中产生电动势（即电流）。这种装置通常被称为“磁力发电机”或“感应发电机”。

The specific implementation of this technology solution may involve the following steps:

这种技术方案的具体实现可能包括以下步骤：

1.Design and manufacture a stationary electromagnet capable of receiving and generating a changing magnetic field.

1.设计和制造一个固定的电磁铁，可以接收和产生变化的磁场。

2.Design and manufacture a rotatable magnet that can pass through the magnetic field of the stationary electromagnet when it rotates.

2.设计和制造一个可以旋转的磁铁，它可以在旋转时通过固定电磁铁的磁场。

3.Ensure that the gap between the magnet and the electromagnet is as small as possible to minimize magnetic reluctance and maximize the interaction of magnetic fields.

3.确保磁铁和电磁铁之间的间隙尽可能小，以便减少磁阻并最大化磁场相互作用。

4.Design an electronic circuit to collect the electrical energy generated by the rotation of the magnet and convert it into direct current (DC) electricity.

4.设计一个电子电路来收集由磁铁旋转产生的电能，并将其转换为直流电。

5.It may be necessary to design a power management system to regulate voltage and current output and ensure the stability of the system.

5.可能需要设计一个电源管理系统，以调节电压和电流输出，并确保系统的稳定性。

The main challenges of this technology solution are ensuring device stability and efficiency. To improve efficiency, several measures can be implemented, such as optimizing magnetic field design, minimizing magnetic resistance and friction, and enhancing material quality and performance. Additionally, it’s important to note that the current generated by this magnetic power generator is alternating current (AC) rather than direct current (DC). If DC power is required, a rectifier needs to be added to convert the AC current into DC.

这种技术方案的主要挑战是确保装置的稳定性和效率。为了提高效率，可以采取多种措施，例如优化磁场设计、减少磁阻和摩擦，以及提高材料的质量和性能。另外值得注意的是，这种磁力发电机产生的电流是交流电（AC），而不是直流电（DC）。如果需要直流电，还需要添加一个整流器来将交流电转换为直流电。

Devices based on magnetic power generation have applications in various fields, such as automation equipment, remote sensors, emergency power systems, and renewable energy systems, among others. However, adapting them for use in the smart home sector requires specific optimization and design to meet particular requirements, including interfacing with smart devices, remote control, and energy management functionalities.

这种基于磁力发电的装置在许多领域都有应用，例如自动化设备、远程传感器、应急电源系统和可再生能源系统等。然而，将其应用于智能家居领域需要特定的优化和设计，以满足特定的需求，例如与智能设备的接口、远程控制和能源管理等功能。

图片解释

Fig. 1. Schematic of the dual-rotor EH device.

文字说明：图1为双转子 EH 装置原理图。

当关闭窗户时会将推杆往里压缩，会同时压紧两种弹簧，当关紧窗户时，推杆将与齿轮不再接触，此时推杆被固定，齿轮被释放，这时，大腿弹簧会释放能量带动齿轮转动，此时齿轮和线圈做相对运动，产生电能。当打开窗户时，弹簧会被释放，推杆带动齿轮运动，同时大腿弹簧被压缩，当推杆被弹出时，齿轮会运动两次，产生两次机械能。

Fig. 2. Assembled dual-rotor EH device.

文字说明：图二为双转子EH装置尺寸图。

尺寸大小为60mm×26mm×10mm，符合窗框和窗扇之间任何窗户的标准间隙尺寸因此双转子EH 装置可以很容易地在现有的窗户产品中实现。

Fig. 3. View of layers of the multilayer PCB coil (left) and realized coil board (right).

文字说明：图三为多层PCB线圈的层视图(左)和实现的线圈板(右)。

12个金属层，每个金属层厚度为70um ，其中10层带线圈，2层带线圈布线。PCB 板的厚度约为2mm。

表一.双转子 EH 装置的组成及设计参数

文字说明：主要涉及了空气间隙大小、永磁体内半径为2.5mm，外半径为7.7mm。PCB线圈板的尺寸和材质。线圈匝数为4。厚度为70um。转弯宽度为200um。层数为10。材质为铜。

Fig. 4. FEM simulation model.

文字说明：图4为电磁发生器的仿真模型。

利用FEM仿真模型。采用有限元模拟方法估算了感应电压的最大幅值。模拟了感应电压作为转速的函数。最上方为轭，为控制材料。中间为硬磁铁。下方为线圈。空间间隙为2mm。

Fig. 5. Induced voltage for one coil at a rotational speed of 1000 and 3000r/min.

文字说明：图五为一个线圈在不同转速下的感应电压。

空间间隙设为 2mm，转速为1000r/min时感应电压V值为10mV，转速为3000 r/min 时感应电压V值为30mV。转速与感应电压之间呈线性关系。

Fig. 6. Measurement results of the PCB coil system: inductance, Q-factor, and electrical resistance over the frequency (four coils in the series).

文字说明：图六为PCB线圈系统的测量结果:电感、q因子和频率上的电阻(串联中的四个线圈)。

电感为18.7uh。该电感在8兆赫兹以下是稳定的。在100千赫兹时，适当的电阻是4.4欧姆，在1兆赫兹时是8.6欧姆。在8兆赫兹时，最大的品质因数为16.5。

Fig. 7. PMS main blocks

文字说明：图七为PMS的主要模块。

左下为控制电路，右下为偏置电源电路，右上为MPPT（最大功率点跟踪）转换器。控制电路产生脉宽调制(PWM)信号通过两个超低功率比较器，产生三角形波形信号，偏置电源电路提供一个足够的电压，vcc横跨电容器Cd，启动MPPT转换器。在该工作中，采用了二级级联浮电容充电泵电路，通过引入的EH系统启动MPPT变换器。转换器的运行是通过使用MPPT转换器的输出电容的输出电压来供电控制电路而不是偏置供电电路来维持的。这是通过二极管D5完成的。

Fig. 8. Control circuit operation: triangular waveform generation of the EMEH and gating pulses.

文字说明：图八为控制电路操作:EMEH和门控脉冲的三角波形产生。

控制电路产生的三角形波形，与可控直流电压进行比较，从而为MPPT转换器产生可控占空比门控脉冲。上方的线为三角形波形信号，下方的线为可控占空比门控脉冲。

Fig. 9. EH current and voltage with the MPPT converter.

文字说明：图九为EH电流和电压与MPPT转换器。

为推拉杆轴时EH电压与电流的电阻匹配情况。收割机电流与收割机电压具有相同的形状，两种波形的均方根值之间的比值约为8。

Fig. 10. Output voltage of the MPPT converter under light load.

文字说明：图十为MPPT变换器轻载时的输出电压。

MPPT变换器在极 轻负载(2μA)下的输出电压，即对变换器的输出电容进行充电作为储能示例，并提供极低功耗电路。需要注意的是，每一次电压跳变都对应一次拉杆轴的推或拉。在此条件下，输入到PMS的EH系统的最大输出能量约为100μJ，输出能量为PMS的约47μJ，这意味着在这种情况下，PMS的效率约为 47%。

Fig. 11. Output voltage of the MPPT converter with LED and 500 resistor.

文字说明：图11为带LED和500Ω电阻的MPPT转换器的输出电压。

显示了PMS在高负载下的工作情况，即一个高压LED串联500个电阻，导致电流消耗为350μA。可以注意到，为了打开LED，需要连续两次推/拉运动，这是由于EH系统的可用功率相对较低，最大100μJ，并且与轻负载条件相比，EH系统的输出电压下降，这需要额外的推/拉来启用偏置供电方案。应该注意的是，在这些条件下，当LED打开时，输出收割机的功率约为70μJ，这意味着PMS效率约为70%。

相关链接

《Dual-Rotor Electromagnetic-Based Energy Harvesting System for SmartHomeApplications》（上）

Dual-Rotor Electromagnetic-Based Energy Harvesting System for SmartHomeApplications