Can Smart City Construction Promote the Level of Public Services? Quantitative Evidence From China
智 慧 城 市 建 设 能 提 升 公 共 服 务 水 平 吗 ？
来 自 中 国 的 量 化 证 据
1.研究目的
The research objective of this article is to analyze quantitatively the relationship between smart city construction and the level of public services by constructing panel data. It also aims to explore the mechanisms through which smart city construction affects the level of public services.
本文的研究目的是通过构建面板数据，定量分析智慧城市建设与公共服务水平之间的关系，并探讨智慧城市建设对公共服务水平的影响机制。
2.研究背景(所面临的技术领域，以及该领域内某个待解决的具体技术问题。)
According to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, sustainable development in various aspects such as society, environment, and economy has gradually become a key issue in government governance. However, the improvement of the quality of public services remains one of its theoretical assumptions. In this context, the following questions may arise: Is the smart city a new direction for urban development that is conducive to livability and sustainable development? How does it affect the level of public service in China? However, until recently, these questions have not been widely discussed in the literature in the field of urban studies; there are controversies and shortcomings in the quantitative analysis of the impact of smart cities on the level of public services.
根据2030年可持续发展议程，社会、环境、经济等各个方面的可持续发展已逐渐成为政府治理的关键问题。然而，公共服务质量的改进仍然是其理论假设之一。在这一背景下，可能会出现以下问题：智慧城市是否是有利于宜居和可持续发展的城市发展新方向？它如何影响中国的公共服务水平（PSL）？然而，直到最近，这些问题在城市研究领域的文献中并没有得到广泛讨论；关于智慧城市对PSL影响的定量分析存在争议和不足。
3.研究的[现有技术]
1.该技术领域的总体状况:
The technical field studied in this article is the construction of smart cities. Smart city construction combines digital technology with urban governance to enhance the level of public services through the impact of informatization, technological innovation, and economic benefits. Smart city construction involves multiple areas, including informatization, technological innovation, and economic growth. In terms of informatization, smart city construction achieves comprehensive coverage of high-speed broadband wireless communication through the establishment of Internet of Things sensing systems and the development of next-generation network technologies such as 5G and NB-IoT. In terms of technological innovation, smart city construction relies on the effects of technological innovation to enhance the level of public services, including intelligent transformation, the establishment of smart application systems, and the deep integration of smart city models with internal subsystems of cities. In terms of economic benefits, smart city construction promotes economic development, drives the incubation of new pillar industries and innovation industries based on knowledge and information, and promotes urban economic development. Overall, smart city construction is a comprehensive research field involving multiple technical areas.
本文研究的技术领域是智慧城市建设。智慧城市建设是将数字技术和城市治理相结合，通过信息化、技术创新和经济效益等方面的影响，提升公共服务水平。智慧城市建设涉及到多个领域，包括信息化、技术创新、经济增长等。在信息化方面，智慧城市建设通过建立物联网感知系统、推动5G、NB-IoT等下一代网络技术的发展，实现高速宽带无线通信的全面覆盖。在技术创新方面，智慧城市建设依靠技术创新效应来提升公共服务水平，包括智能化转型、智慧应用系统的建立、智慧城市模式与城市内部子系统的深度融合等。在经济效益方面，智慧城市建设通过促进经济发展，推动新支柱产业和基于知识和信息的创新产业的孵化，促进城市经济的发展。总体而言，智慧城市建设是一个涉及多个技术领域的综合性研究领域。
2.与本研究提出的改进方案，有相关的技术
The technologies related to the proposed improvement plan include Internet of Things (IoT) technology, 5G network technology, NB-IoT technology, information technology, and communication technology, among others. These technologies play a crucial role in the construction of smart cities and can enhance the level of public services. IoT technology enables the perception and data collection of urban components, providing real-time feedback and control for urban management. 5G network technology and NB-IoT technology enable comprehensive coverage of high-speed broadband wireless communication, supporting various application scenarios in smart cities. Information technology and communication technology serve as the foundation for smart city construction, promoting the development of smart cities through the establishment of smart application systems and the optimization of technological innovation environments.
与本研究提出的改进方案相关的技术包括物联网技术、5G网络技术、NB-IoT技术、信息技术和通信技术等。这些技术在智慧城市建设中起到重要作用，可以提升公共服务水平。物联网技术可以实现城市组件的感知和数据采集，为城市管理提供实时反馈和控制。5G网络技术和NB-IoT技术可以实现高速宽带无线通信的全面覆盖，支持智慧城市的各种应用场景。信息技术和通信技术则是智慧城市建设的基础，通过建立智慧应用系统和优化技术创新环境，推动智慧城市的发展。
3.参考文献(提供出处，例如:出自专利文献、期刊、书籍。)
[1]徐晓林,王妃萍,毛子骏,邹啟.智慧城市建设能否提升基本公共服务供给？——基于双重差分法的实证分析[J].社会政策研究,2022(03):79-93.
[2]S. P. Caird and S. H. Hallett, “Towards evaluation design for smart city development”, J. Urban Des., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 188-209, Mar. 2019.
[3]M. D. Lytras and A. Visvizi, “Who uses smart city services and what to make of it: Toward interdisciplinary smart cities research”, Sustainability, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1998, Jun. 2018.
[4]H. Chourabi, T. Nam, S. Walker, J. R. Gil-Garcia, S. Mellouli, K. Nahon, et al., “Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework”, Proc. 45th Hawaii Int. Conf. Syst. Sci., pp. 2289-2297, Jan. 2012.
4.现有技术的缺陷和不足
1.Interoperability limitations: Smart cities require a large number of sensors and devices for data collection and connectivity. However, different vendors may use different communication standards and protocols, resulting in restricted interoperability and difficulties in exchanging and sharing information smoothly.
- 互联性限制：智慧城市需要大量的传感器和设备进行数据收集和互联，然而不同供应商的设备可能使用不同的通信标准和协议，导致互联性受限，信息无法流畅地交换和共享。
- Data security and privacy:Smart cities involve a significant amount of personal and sensitive information, including location data and consumer habits of residents. Ensuring the security and privacy protection of this data is a critical challenge, and current technologies need further enhancement in safeguarding data security.
- 数据安全和隐私：智慧城市涉及大量的个人数据和敏感信息，包括居民的位置数据、消费习惯等。确保这些数据的安全性和隐私保护是一个重要的挑战，目前的技术对于数据安全的保障还有待加强。
- Infrastructure upgrades:The construction of smart cities requires advanced infrastructure support, such as high-speed broadband networks and IoT base stations. However, existing infrastructure may not meet these demands, requiring extensive updates and upgrades, which can be costly and time-consuming.
- 基础设施更新：智慧城市建设需要先进的基础设施支持，例如高速宽带网络、物联网基站等。然而，旧有的基础设施可能无法满足这些需求，需要进行大量的更新和升级，这需要耗费大量的资金和时间。
- Technology integration issues:The development of smart cities necessitates the integration of various technologies, including IoT, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence. Coordinating the collaboration and seamless integration among different technologies poses certain difficulties that need to be addressed, such as establishing technical standards and data sharing mechanisms.
- 技术整合问题：智慧城市建设需要将各种不同的技术整合在一起，包括物联网、云计算、人工智能等。不同技术之间的协同工作和无缝集成面临一定的困难，需要解决技术标准、数据共享等方面的问题。
- User acceptance and engagement:The success of smart city initiatives relies on widespread participation and support from residents. However, not everyone is willing to accept and utilize smart city services. Some individuals may be unfamiliar with the use of technology or have concerns about privacy, leading to challenges in implementing and promoting smart city projects.
- 用户接受度和参与度：智慧城市建设需要居民的广泛参与和支持，然而并不是所有人都愿意接受和利用智慧城市的服务。一些人可能对技术的使用不熟悉或者担心隐私问题，导致智慧城市项目的实施和推广困难。
5.本研究的具体技术方案
1.要解决的问题是通过什么样的技术方案来实现的?
this paper conceptually and empirically examines the extent to which smart city construction has changed PSL.To overcome the core dificulties in the evaluation of the construction effect of smart cities and to achieve the scientiic eval- uation of the construction effect of smart cities on PSL, this study irst analyzed and demonstrated the mechanism of the role of smart city construction on the improvement of PSL from the theoretical point of view. Then, we present hypotheses and models. Furthermore, we test these conjec- tures using a panel data set of 212 prefecture-level cities in China for the period 2006 to 2018.We estimate difference- in-differences(DID) regressions to control for unobserved heterogeneity that affects smart city selection and PSL. We also discuss selection concerns, validating the identifying assumption that the trends are parallel for the smart city pilots’group and the control group which consist of cities absent the smart city initiative. First, advancing the literature on the importance of smart city for different goals of sustainable urban development, we explore an equally vital outcome, namely urban public service. In doing so, we focus our attention on the multi-dimensionality of inluential mechanisms instead of treating it as separate.Second, we complement recent indings on public service of smart city initiatives from the perspective of informational, technological, and economic.Within the smart city paradigm, PSL are expected to be improved, mainly through the comprehensive allocation of informa- tion, technology, economy and other resources.Finally, from an empirical standpoint, we pay special attention to a less-researched context (i.e. China) that provides a promising ground for examining the public service improvement effects of smart city initiatives at work in less-developed and emerging economies.
本文从概念和经验的角度检验了智慧城市建设在多大程度上改变了PSL。为了克服评估智慧城市建设效果的核心难题，以及实现对智慧城市对PSL的科学评估，本研究首先从理论角度分析并阐述了智慧城市建设对PSL改进的机制。然后，我们提出假设和模型。此外，我们使用2006年至2018年的中国212个地级市的面板数据集来测试这些假设。我们估计差异-差异（DID）回归以控制影响智慧城市选择和PSL的未观察到的异质性。我们还讨论了选择方面的问题，验证了智慧城市试点群体和未实施智慧城市计划的城市（对照组）趋势平行的假设。同时，我们通过安慰剂测试、PSM-DID测试和winsorize进行了稳健性测试。这项研究做出了几个重要的贡献。首先，通过推进有关智慧城市对可持续城市发展不同目标重要性的文献，我们探讨了一个同样重要的结果，即城市公共服务。在这个过程中，我们将注意力集中在具有多维影响机制的方面，而不是将其视为独立的。其次，我们从信息、技术和经济的角度补充了最近有关智慧城市倡议的公共服务发现。在智慧城市范式内，公共服务水平预计将通过综合分配信息、技术、经济和其他资源而得到改善。最后，从经验的角度看，我们特别关注了一个研究较少的背景（即中国），为研究在欠发达和新兴经济体中智慧城市倡议对公共服务改进效果的作用提供了有前途的基础。
2.各个待解决的问题，其改进点及相应的技术方案？
Question: Explore the impact of smart city development on the level of public services.
问题：探讨智慧城市建设对公共服务水平的影响
Improvement point: It is recommended to improve the level of public services through transforming the urban governance model. This includes establishing a systematic mechanism for technological innovation and transforming the urban governance model to further enhance the effectiveness of smart city development in public service delivery.
改进点：建议通过转变城市治理模式，优化公共服务水平。这包括建立系统化的技术创新机制和转型城市治理模式，以进一步提高智慧城市建设的公共服务效果。
Technical solution:
技术方案：
1.Introducing smart technologies: By incorporating technologies such as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and big data, we can enhance the level of informatization, digitization, and intelligence in cities, thereby improving the quality and efficiency of public services.
1.引入智慧技术：通过引入物联网、人工智能、大数据等智慧技术，改善城市的信息化、数字化和智能化水平，提高公共服务的质量和效率。
2.Establishing smart application systems: By establishing smart application systems that integrate communication and collaborative operations, we can comprehensively perceive and control urban operations, promptly respond to external changes and citizen demands, and thereby improve the efficiency of government and urban governance.
2.建立智慧应用系统：建立智慧应用系统，将通信和协同运作相结合，全面感知和控制城市运行，及时反馈外部变化和市民需求，从而提高政府和城市治理的效率。
3.Emphasizing scientific research and technological innovation: We should strengthen urban scientific research and technological innovation to elevate the level of technological innovation. By enhancing technology research and development, application testing, and evaluation, promoting collaboration between enterprises, universities, and research institutions, we can optimize the environment for smart city technological innovation.
3.注重科研和技术创新：加强城市科学研究和技术创新，提高技术创新水平。通过加强技术研发、应用测试和评估，促进企业与大学、研究机构之间的合作，优化智慧城市技术创新的环境。
4.Promoting economic development: Smart city construction improves the level of public services through economic effects. By fostering new pillar industries and innovative industries based on knowledge and information through the development of smart technologies, we can drive urban economic development.
4.促进经济发展：智慧城市建设通过经济效应改善公共服务水平。通过智慧技术的发展，培育基于知识和信息的新支柱产业和创新产业，推动城市经济发展。
3.具体技术方案的流程图
6.具体实施方式及附图：
1.研究方法的实施步骤(具体实施方式应与技术方案相一致)
The implementation steps of the research methodology in this article are as follows:
本文的研究方法实施步骤如下：
1.Constructing panel data: The study utilizes panel data from 212 Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2006 to 2018 to analyze the impact of smart city construction on the level of public services.
1.构建面板数据：研究采用212个中国地级市在2006年至2018年的面板数据，用于分析智慧城市建设对公共服务水平的影响。
2.Difference-in-Differences (DID) model: The DID model is used to evaluate the impact of smart city construction on the level of public services. By comparing the differences between the treatment group (cities implementing smart city construction) and the control group (cities not implementing smart city construction), the policy effect of smart city construction can be assessed.
2.差异分析模型（DID）：采用差异分析模型来评估智慧城市建设对公共服务水平的影响。通过比较实验组（进行智慧城市建设的城市）和对照组（未进行智慧城市建设的城市）之间的差异，来评估智慧城市建设的政策效果。
3.Baseline regression analysis: Conducting baseline regression analysis to validate the impact of smart city construction on the level of public services. By establishing regression models, the analysis assesses the effects of smart city construction on the quality of education and healthcare services, as well as the level of social life security.
3.基准回归分析：进行基准回归分析，以验证智慧城市建设对公共服务水平的影响。通过建立回归模型，分析智慧城市建设对教育和医疗服务质量以及社会生活安全水平的影响。
4.Robustness testing: Conducting robustness testing to validate the reliability and robustness of the research findings. This involves performing various robustness tests on the model, such as Winsorization and mechanism analysis, to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the research results.
4.鲁棒性测试：进行鲁棒性测试，以验证研究结果的可靠性和稳健性。通过对模型进行多种鲁棒性测试，如Winsorize处理和机制分析等，来确保研究结果的准确性和可靠性。
5.Mechanism analysis: Conducting mechanism analysis to explore the impact mechanism of smart city construction on the level of public services. This involves constructing a mediation effect model to analyze how smart city construction affects the level of public services through information effects, technological effects, and economic effects.
5.机制分析：进行机制分析，以探究智慧城市建设对公共服务水平的影响机制。通过构建中介效应模型，分析智慧城市建设通过信息效应、技术效应和经济效应对公共服务水平的影响。
By following the above steps, this study aims to validate the impact of smart city construction on the level of public services and provide quantitative evidence to support the research findings.
通过以上步骤，本文旨在验证智慧城市建设对公共服务水平的影响，并提供定量证据来支持研究结论。
7.本研究的优点：
1.The study utilizes panel data and the difference-in-differences model: The research employs panel data covering 212 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2018 and utilizes the difference-in-differences model for analysis. This approach allows for a more accurate assessment of the impact of smart city development on the level of public services.
1.采用面板数据和差异法模型：研究使用了面板数据，涵盖了中国212个地级市从2006年到2018年的数据，采用差异法模型进行分析。这种方法可以更准确地评估智慧城市建设对公共服务水平的影响。
2.Multiple indicators are used to assess the level of public services: The study utilizes indicators such as the quality of education and healthcare services, as well as the level of social life security, to evaluate the level of public services. This approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of the impact of smart city development on different areas of public services.
2.多个指标评估公共服务水平：研究使用了教育和医疗服务质量以及社会生活安全水平作为评估公共服务水平的指标。这样可以全面了解智慧城市建设对不同领域的公共服务的影响。
3.The study employed the PSM-DID (Propensity Score Matching with Difference-in-Differences) method to address the issue of sample self-selection bias. By matching samples from the experimental group and the control group, it ensured comparability between the two groups, thereby enhancing the reliability and robustness of the research results.
3.使用了PSM-DID方法：研究采用了PSM-DID方法来解决样本自我选择偏差的问题，通过匹配实验组和对照组的样本，确保了实验组和对照组之间的可比性，提高了研究结果的可靠性和稳健性。
4.The study conducted a parallel trends test：validating whether the public service levels in the experimental and control groups were similar before the implementation of smart city policies. This ensured the effectiveness of the DID (Difference-in-Differences) model, enhancing the credibility of the research findings.
4.进行了平行趋势测试：研究进行了平行趋势测试，验证了实验组和对照组在智慧城市政策实施前的公共服务水平趋势是否相似，从而确保了DID模型的有效性。增强了研究结果的可信度。
5.Mechanism analysis was conducted: The study also analyzed the transmission mechanisms of smart city development on public services, including information effects, technological effects, and economic effects. This allows for a deeper understanding of the impact mechanisms of smart city development on the level of public services.
5.进行了机制分析：研究还对智慧城市建设对公共服务的传导机制进行了分析，包括信息效应、技术效应和经济效应。这样可以更深入地理解智慧城市建设对公共服务水平的影响机制。
6.Robustness testing was conducted: The study performed robustness testing on the results to ensure their reliability and stability.
6.进行了鲁棒性测试：研究对结果进行了鲁棒性测试，确保研究结果的可靠性和稳健性。
8.本研究的关键创新点
1.Research perspective Innovation: From the perspective of smart city construction, this paper discusses its impact on the level of public service, which is a new research perspective. In the past theoretical and practical research, smart city and the improvement of public service level are often discussed separately, and this paper combines the two to provide a new research perspective.
1.研究视角创新：该论文从智慧城市建设的角度出发，探讨了其对公共服务水平的影响，这是一个全新的研究视角。在过去的理论和实践研究中，智慧城市和公共服务水平的提升往往被分别探讨，而该论文将两者结合起来，提供了一个全新的研究视角。
2.Research method innovation: This paper adopts a quantitative research method by constructing panel data and conducting empirical analysis using the difference-difference (DID) model, which is novel in studying the relationship between smart cities and public services. By using quantitative methods, the paper was able to more accurately measure the impact of smart cities on public service levels.
2.研究方法创新：该论文采用了定量的研究方法，通过构建面板数据并使用差异-差异（DID）模型进行实证分析，这种方法在研究智慧城市与公共服务关系方面是新颖的。通过使用定量方法，该论文能够更准确地测量智慧城市对公共服务水平的影响。
3.Research content innovation: The paper not only explores the overall impact of smart cities on the level of public services, but also further studies the impact of smart cities on specific public services such as education and health care. In addition, the paper further discusses the mechanism of smart cities affecting the level of public services, and these research contents are innovative.
3.研究内容创新：该论文不仅探讨了智慧城市对公共服务水平的整体影响，还进一步研究了智慧城市对教育、医疗等具体公共服务领域的影响。此外，论文还进一步探讨了智慧城市影响公共服务水平的机制，这些研究内容都是创新性的。
4.Policy proposal innovation: This paper not only studies the impact of smart cities on public services, but also puts forward policy recommendations on how to further improve the level of public services through smart city construction. These suggestions include transforming the urban governance model and establishing a systematic technological innovation mechanism, which has important guiding significance for improving the level of public services.
4.政策建议创新：该论文不仅研究了智慧城市对公共服务的影响，还提出了如何通过智慧城市建设进一步提升公共服务水平的政策建议。这些建议包括转变城市治理模式和建立系统的技术创新机制等，这些对于提高公共服务水平具有重要的指导意义。
9.本研究的相关专业术语解释:
1.Public Service Level（PSL）：It refers to the quality and efficiency of the government in providing public services, including public education, medical and health care, social security, employment services, infrastructure construction and other fields.
1.公共服务水平（PSL）:指政府在提供公共服务时的质量和效率，包括公共教育、医疗卫生、社会保障、就业服务、基础设施建设等领域。
2.Difference-in-Difference（DID）：It is a commonly used research design in econometrics to evaluate the effects of policies or projects. It estimates the impact of a policy or project by comparing the differences between two (or more) sets of data before and after the implementation of a specific policy or project. This method can control for factors that are not easily observed, allowing for more accurate estimates of policy effects or project effects.
2.双重差分法（DID）：是一种在计量经济学中常用的研究设计，用于评估政策效应或项目效果。它通过比较一个特定政策或项目实施前后的两组（或多组）数据的差异，以估计该政策或项目的影响。这种方法能够控制一些不易观察的因素，从而更准确地估计政策效应或项目效果。
3.Education and Medical Services（EAM）：It refers to organizations and institutions that provide educational and medical services. These organizations and institutions usually include schools, universities, medical institutions, clinics, pharmacies, etc. They are committed to meeting people’s needs in education and healthcare, and providing professional education and medical services.
3.教育和医疗服务（EAM）：指提供教育服务和医疗服务的组织和机构。这些组织和机构通常包括学校、大学、医疗机构、诊所、药店等。它们致力于满足人们在教育和医疗方面的需求，提供专业的教育和医疗服务。
4.Social Life Security（SLS）：It refers to the comprehensive reflection of the level of social security provided by a country or region in a certain period of time to ensure the basic living needs of citizens. It involves various aspects such as social welfare, social insurance, and social assistance, aiming to ensure the basic living needs of citizens and promote social equity and stability.
4.社会生活保障水平（SLS）：指一个国家或地区在一定时期内为保障公民基本生活需要而提供的社会保障水平的综合体现。它涉及到社会福利、社会保险、社会救助等多个方面，旨在保障公民的基本生活需要，促进社会公平和稳定。
5.Smart City：It is a new concept of urban development, aiming to promote the intelligentization of urban planning, construction, management and service through the comprehensive application of new generation information technologies such as Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data, spatial planning, etc., enhance urban governance capacity and public service level, improve residents’ quality of life, and achieve sustainable urban development.
5.智慧城市：是一种新的城市发展理念，旨在通过综合运用物联网、云计算、大数据、空间规划等新一代信息技术，促进城市规划、建设、管理和服务的智能化，提升城市治理能力和公共服务水平，提高居民生活质量，实现城市可持续发展。
6.Informatization：It refers to the process of developing, utilizing, and managing information resources through modern information technology, such as computers, networks, and communications, in order to improve social productivity and people’s living standards. Informatization involves multiple fields, such as industry, agriculture, and service industries, and aims to achieve comprehensive development of informatization, intelligence, and modernization.
6.信息化：指通过现代信息技术，如计算机、网络、通信等，对信息资源进行开发、利用和管理，以提高社会生产力和人们生活水平的过程。信息化涉及到多个领域，如工业、农业、服务业等，旨在实现信息化、智能化和现代化的全面发展。
7.Technological Innovation：It refers to the process of applying new knowledge and technology, adopting new production methods and management models, developing new products or services, improving product quality, and realizing new market value. It includes product innovation, process innovation, organizational innovation, and market innovation.
7.技术创新：指企业应用新的知识和技术，采用新的生产方式和经营管理模式，开发新产品或服务，提高产品质量，实现新的市场价值的过程。它包括产品创新、过程创新、组织创新和市场创新等多个方面。
8.Economic Growth：It usually refers to the increase in the total output value of a country or region over a certain period of time, and is an important indicator to measure the economic strength and development level of a country or region.
8.经济增长：通常是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内总产值的增加，是衡量一个国家或地区经济实力和发展水平的重要指标。
9.Information and Communications Technology（ICT）：It refers to the use of information technologies such as computers, networks, and telecommunications to collect, process, transmit, store, and utilize information to support the needs of various industries and organizations.
9.信息和通信技术（ICT）：指利用计算机、网络、电信等信息技术，实现信息的收集、处理、传输、存储和利用，以支持各种行业和组织的需求。
10.Propensity Score Matching（PSM）：It is a method of analyzing treatment effects by matching individuals in treatment and control groups to eliminate the impact of individual characteristics on the estimation of treatment effects.
10.倾向得分匹配模型（PSM）：是一种分析处理效应的方法，它通过匹配处理组和对照组的个体，以消除个体特征的差异对处理效应估计的影响。
11.Principal Component Analysis（PCA）： It is a widely used data analysis method for dimensionality reduction, data visualization, data compression, and noise filtering. It transforms a set of potentially correlated variables into a set of linearly uncorrelated variables through an orthogonal transformation, and these uncorrelated variables are referred to as principal components.
11.主成分分析（PCA）：是一种广泛使用的数据分析方法，用于降维、数据可视化、数据压缩和噪声过滤等。PCA通过正交变换将一组可能相关的变量转化为一组线性不相关的变量，这些不相关的变量被称为主成分。
12.Gross Domestic Product（GDP）：It refers to the final results of production activities of all resident units of a country (or region) in a certain period of time calculated according to market prices, and is often recognized as the best indicator of national economic conditions. GDP reflects the economic strength and market size of a country (or region), is the core indicator of national economic accounting, is an important data to measure the economic status and development level of a country or region, and has the form of value, income and product form.
12.国内生产总值（GDP）：指按市场价格计算的一个国家（或地区）所有常驻单位在一定时期内生产活动的最终成果，常被公认为衡量国家经济状况的最佳指标。国内生产总值反映了一国（或地区）的经济实力和市场规模，是国民经济核算的核心指标，是衡量一个国家或地区经济状况和发展水平的重要数据，有价值形态、收入形态和产品形态等表现形态。
13.Narrow Band Internet of Things：Is a narrowband Internet of Things technology, based on cellular network construction, suitable for smart home, smart wear, industrial Internet of things, agricultural Internet of things and other fields. It has the advantages of low power consumption, wide coverage, low cost, and large connection, which can greatly reduce equipment and network maintenance costs, provide more stable signal coverage, and support more device connections.
13.NB-IoT技术：是一种窄带物联网技术，基于蜂窝网络构建，适用于智能家居、智能穿戴、工业物联网、农业物联网等领域。具有低功耗、广覆盖、低成本、大连接等优势，可以大幅降低设备和网络维护成本，提供更加稳定的信号覆盖，并支持更多设备连接。
10.现有技术中与本研究，最接近的技术方案
Among the existing technologies, the technology scheme that is closest to this study is mainly based on the empirical analysis of Difference-in-Differences (DID) to explore the impact of smart city construction on the supply level of basic public services.
现有技术中与本研究，最接近的技术方案主要是基于双重差分法（Difference-in-Differences，DID）进行实证分析，探究智慧城市建设对基本公共服务供给水平的影响。
Differential method is an econometric method commonly used in policy evaluation to estimate the impact of policy implementation on target groups by controlling for other interfering factors. In the study “Can Smart City Construction Improve the Supply of Basic Public Services? – An Empirical Analysis based on the Differential Method”, the first batch of smart city pilots is regarded as a quasi-natural experiment, based on the panel data of 173 prefecture-level cities from 2008 to 2019, using the differential model for empirical analysis.
双重差分法是一种在政策评估中常用的计量经济学方法，通过控制其他干扰因素，来估计政策实施对目标群体的影响。在《智慧城市建设能否提升基本公共服务供给？——基于双重差分法的实证分析》这个研究中，第一批智慧城市试点被视为一项准自然实验，以2008年至2019年的173个地级市的面板数据为基础，运用双重差分模型进行实证分析。
The main steps of the study include:
研究的主要步骤包括：
- Data cleaning and preprocessing: Collect and collate the panel data of 173 prefecture-level cities from 2008 to 2019, including information on the supply level of basic public services, smart city construction and population size.
1.数据清洗和预处理：收集并整理2008年至2019年173个地级市的面板数据，包括基本公共服务供给水平、智慧城市建设和人口规模等信息。
- Propensity score Matching (PSM) : In order to solve the potential selectivity bias problem, propensity score matching method is used to select matching samples for the experimental group and the control group according to the similarity between smart cities and non-smart cities.
2.倾向得分匹配（PSM）：为了解决潜在的选择性偏差问题，采用倾向得分匹配方法，根据智慧城市和非智慧城市之间的相似性来为实验组和对照组选择匹配样本。
- Differential model: On the basis of matching samples, a differential model is constructed to compare the difference in the supply level of basic public services between the pilot cities and the control group with the implementation of smart cities in 2012 as the time point.
3.双重差分模型：在匹配样本的基础上，构建双重差分模型，以2012年智慧城市试点实施为时间点，比较试点城市和对照组在基本公共服务供给水平上的差异。
- Heterogeneity analysis: Further explore the heterogeneity impact of smart city construction on the supply level of basic public services, especially for cities with large populations.
4.异质性分析：进一步探讨智慧城市建设对基本公共服务供给水平的异质性影响，特别是针对人口规模较大的城市进行分析。
- Robustness test: The robustness of the research results is tested by changing the time window and adding control variables.
5.稳健性检验：通过更换时间窗口和加入控制变量等方法，检验研究结果的稳健性。
The purpose of this technical scheme is to empirically analyze the impact of smart city construction on the supply level of basic public services, and provide a reference for government departments to formulate a more complete smart city construction plan.
该技术方案的目的是通过实证分析智慧城市建设对基本公共服务供给水平的影响，为政府部门制定更为完善的智慧城市建设计划提供参考依据。
图片解释
FIGURE 1. Theoretical framework.
图1. 理论框架
文字说明：图一表示了到目前为止，学者们对智慧城市和公共服务的研究可以总结为三个方面。通过可持续质量发展和实时效率城市分为三大部分：信息嵌入、技术迭代和经济增长。城市、政府和居民三者通过整合适应、合作互助、财富富裕相互作用，最后形成公共服务水平。
FIGURE 2. Study area.
图2.研究区域
文字说明：图二表示了本文使用地级市的数据，最终样本范围为中国2006 年至2018年的212个地级市。数据来源包括中国城市统计年鉴、国家统计局网站以及每个城市的统计年鉴和政府工作报告。少量缺失数据通过线性插值进行了补充。
TABLE 1. Descriptive statistics.
表1.描述统计
文字说明：表1表示了每个变量的描述统计结果，包括质量、教育和医疗服务、人口数量、金融发展、固定资产、研究、环境影响、技术效果和经济因素等。Mean代表着平均值，St.Dev.代表着标准偏差。标准偏差的值越大，说明数据点的分布越离散。
TABLE 2. Baseline regression results.
表2.基线回归结果
文字说明：在表 2 中，模型(1)和模型(2)是没有添加控制变量的模型，模型（3）和模型（4）则添加了回归的控制变量，上述四个模型分别是智慧城市建设对EAM和 SLS 两个领域的公共服务水平的影响。所有的估计结果都表明，无论是否添加控制变量，智慧城市建设在 1%的显著水平下对公共服务水平有统计上显著的正向影响，表明智慧城市建设改善了公共服务水平。其中，智慧城市建设显著提高了 EAM 约 5.18%，SLS 约 4.04%.这也为 H1 提供了初步的实证证据。至于控制变量：GDP、Fin、Pop 和 Res 都对EAM 有显著正向影响，FA 对 EAM 有显著负面影响。GDP、Pop 和 Res 都对 SLS有显著正向影响，FA 对 SLS 有显著负面影响，而 Fin 不显著。不论是 EAM 还是 SLS，总体来说，它们都受GDP、Pop 和 Res 的正面影响。***、**和*分别表示在1%、5%和10%显著性水平下的拒绝。每个模型都使用聚类标准误差来缓解异方差问题。
FIGURE 3. The parallel trend tests of EAM.
图 3. EAM 的平行趋势检验
文字说明：图3显示，报告了解释变量的估计参数β的大小以及对应的95%置信区间。平行趋势图显示，在智慧城市试点政策实施之前，效应变量的系数在0附近波动。
FIGURE 4. The parallel trend tests of SLS.
图 4. SLS 的平行趋势检验
文字说明：图4显示，报告了解释变量的估计参数β的大小以及对应的95%置信区间。平行趋势图显示，在智慧城市试点政策实施之后发生了显著变化，表明治疗组和对照组之间的平行趋势假设在城市之间得到了满足。
FIGURE 5. Placebo test coefficients-EAM.
图 5. 安慰剂实验系数—EAM
文字说明：图5显示通过计算机模拟随机生成了一组智慧城市的城市列表，这生成了一个不正确的估计：。为了提高安慰剂实验的可识别性，这个过程被重复了 1000 次，从而生成了1000 个相应的随机估计。图 5描述了随机分布的概率密度分布函数。可以看到服从正态分布。
FIGURE 6. Placebo test coefficients-SLS.
图 6. 安慰剂实验系数—SLS
文字说明：图6显示通过计算机模拟随机生成了一组智慧城市的城市列表，这生成了一个不正确的估计：。为了提高安慰剂实验的可识别性，这个过程被重复了 1000 次，从而生成了1000 个相应的随机估计。图 6描述了估计系数的概率密度分布函数。可以看到服从正态分布。
TABLE 3. Balance test.
表3.平衡测试
文字说明：表 3 中的平衡性检验结果显示，匹配后实验组和对照组之间的差异显著降低，匹配后标准差的绝对值低于 20% [32]，匹配后每个变量的 p 值显著大于0.1，意味着无法拒绝实验组和对照组之间没有系统性差异的原假设，样本模型符合平衡性检验的要求。
TABLE 4. PSM-DID model estimation results.
表4.PSM-DID模型估计结果
文字说明：基于 PSM 重新筛选和重新分组样本，进行了智慧城市试点政策效应的二次检验。表 4 中的模型（5）和模型（6）报告了EAM 和 SLS 的不包括控制变量的 PSM-DID 模型的估计结果，而模型（7）和模型（8）则为回归添加了控制变量，可以发现试点政策的系数仍然显著为正，匹配后估计的结果与 DID 方法估计的结果一致。换句话说，考虑了样本选择偏差问题后，本文的 H1 仍然成立，这进一步表明本文的实证结果是稳健和可靠的。***、**和*分别表示在1%、5%和10%显著性水平下的拒绝。
TABLE 5. Winsorize.
表5.紧缩化
文字说明：表5显示由于变量存在极端值可能会影响模型估计的准确性，为了更真实地描述智慧城市与公共服务水平（PSL）之间的关系，本文对所有连续变量进行双边的 1%、 2%和 3%紧缩处理，然后重新进行回归分析。结果表明，在表 5 中，Smart it 的回归系数仍然显著为正。综上所述，通过上述稳健性测试，H1 得到了充分验证，表明智慧城市试点政策确实能够促进公共服务水平的提高。***、**和*分别表示在1%、5%和10%显著性水平下的拒绝。
TABLE 6. Mechanism test-information effect.
表6.机制测试-信息效应
文字说明：从表6中的模型（15）可以看出，智慧城市对城市信息化的影响系数为0.0672，显著水平为1%；模型（16）表明，智慧城市对EAM的作用从5.18%减少到4.6%，显著水平为10%，表明智慧城市对EAM的作用部分通过互联网信息服务传递；模型（17）表明，智慧城市对SLS的作用从4.04%减少到3.93%，显著水平为1%，表明智慧城市对SLS的作用部分通过互联网信息服务传递。以上两点确认了智慧城市通过信息效应促进PSL的观点，验证了H2。政策实施在推动信息基础设施建设的同时，也因为信息技术具有零成本信息传播的特点，打破了政府与公众之间的信息壁垒，这为改变政府职能和提高使用公共服务资金效率清除了信息壁垒。***、**和*分别表示在1%、5%和10%显著性水平下的拒绝。
TABLE 7. Mechanism test-technology effect
表7.机理测试-技术效果
文字说明：表7中，模型（18）显示智慧城市对城市技术创新的影响系数显著为正。模型（19）表明，通过加入智慧城市、EAM变量和技术效应变量，智慧城市对EAM的影响从5.18%降至4.97%，表明智慧城市对EAM的促进效应部分通过技术效应传递；模型（20）表明，在包括智慧城市、SLS以及技术效应变量后，智慧城市对SLS的影响从4.04%降至3.81%，表明智慧城市对SLS的影响部分通过技术效应传递。总的来说，智慧城市可以通过技术效应促进公共服务水平（PSL）。***、**和*分别表示在1%、5%和10%显著性水平下的拒绝。
TABLE 8. Mechanism test-economic effect.
表8.机制试验-经济效果
文字说明：表8中的模型（21）显示智慧城市可以显著促进城市经济发展；模型（22）以EAM为核心变量，模型（23）以SLS为核心变量，同时在回归方程中包括了经济效应变量与Smartit，结果表明经济效应显著提高了EAM和SLS，而智慧城市变量的系数减小，表明经济效应在智慧城市影响公共服务水平过程中发挥了部分中介作用。***、**和*分别表示在1%、5%和10%显著性水平下的拒绝。
文章来源
Can Smart City Construction Promote the Level of Public Services Quantitative Evidence From China
